{"id":3056,"date":"2015-02-28T15:26:36","date_gmt":"2015-02-28T14:26:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.proantic.com\/magazine\/?p=3056"},"modified":"2017-12-15T11:21:52","modified_gmt":"2017-12-15T10:21:52","slug":"lecume-mer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.proantic.com\/magazine\/lecume-mer\/","title":{"rendered":"L’\u00e9cume de mer"},"content":{"rendered":"

L’\u00e9cume de mer a \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9e comme savon, comme terre savonneuse et comme mat\u00e9riau de construction. Mais son emploi principal consiste en la fabrication de pipes\u00a0\u00a0et de porte-cigares. Avant l’apparition des pipes en bruy\u00e8re (une sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise), on trouvait principalement des pipes en terre et des pipes en \u00e9cume de mer, les pipes d’\u00e9cume \u00e9tant r\u00e9serv\u00e9es aux classes sup\u00e9rieures.<\/strong> Le produit extrait est gratt\u00e9 pour \u00eatre d\u00e9barrass\u00e9 de sa matrice\u00a0, il est ensuite s\u00e9ch\u00e9 puis encore gratt\u00e9 et enfin poli \u00e0 la cire\u00a0. Les pi\u00e8ces grossi\u00e8res ainsi obtenues sont ensuite tourn\u00e9es\u00a0et sculpt\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

Les pipes en \u00e9cume de mer doivent leur succ\u00e8s au travail artistique des ma\u00eetres pipiers, mais \u00e9galement aux propri\u00e9t\u00e9s naturelles de la mati\u00e8re. L’\u00e9cume de mer est une mati\u00e8re min\u00e9rale naturelle qui ne br\u00fble pas. C’est \u00e9galement un filtre naturel gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 sa porosit\u00e9. Elle absorbe de la nicotine et du goudron (c’est ainsi qu’elle obtient sa coloration d\u00e9finitive apr\u00e8s de nombreuses utilisations). Son pH\u00a0neutre pr\u00e9serve le go\u00fbt du tabac. Enfin la l\u00e9g\u00e8ret\u00e9 de l’\u00e9cume de mer rend les pipes facilement manipulables. Ses seuls d\u00e9fauts lui valant parfois d’\u00eatre boud\u00e9e par les fumeurs sont sa fragilit\u00e9 et son prix.<\/p>\n

\""Pipe<\/a>
\u00ab\u00a0Pipe En \u00e9cume De Mer Repr\u00e9sentant Un Planteur.<\/strong>
(c) Galerie DELALANDE, Proantic<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

En effet,\u00a0certains lui reprochaient sa fragilit\u00e9\u00a0(elle pouvait casser\u00a0au contact du froid glacial ou suite \u00e0 un choc ); c’est pourquoi, on la trouve g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement dans de jolis \u00e9crins protecteurs. Mieux vaut ne pas la frapper pour la vider ! A une \u00e9poque, certains se moquaient du comportement un peu pr\u00e9cieux des fumeurs de pipes en \u00e9cume de mer car il \u00e9tait recommand\u00e9 de porter des gants ou de tenir sa pipe avec un chiffon, pendant les 60 premiers fumages afin de ne pas laisser d’empreintes des doigts sur le\u00a0\u00ab\u00a0corps de la belle\u00a0\u00bb. C’est pour cela que\u00a0certains la tenaient par le tuyau, ce qui renfor\u00e7ait la pr\u00e9ciosit\u00e9 de la pose.<\/p>\n

\"Pipe<\/a>
Pipe En Ecume De Mer, Tete Orientaliste, 19\u00e8me Si\u00e8cle.<\/strong>
Galerie DESARNAUD, Proantic<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Les produits en \u00e9cume de mer \u00e9taient traditionnellement r\u00e9alis\u00e9s \u00e0 Vienne.\u00a0L\u2019arriv\u00e9e de cette nouvelle mode (de travailler l\u2019\u00e9cume de mer) repr\u00e9sentait un d\u00e9bouch\u00e9 formidable pour les mains habiles des artisans viennois et, la tradition du travail de l\u2019\u00e9cume de mer commenc\u00e9e \u00e0 Budapest, sera finalement surclass\u00e9e par les Autrichiens qui en deviendront les ma\u00eetres incontest\u00e9s d\u00e8s 1800 : les grands artisans se transformeront en artistes et certains Ma\u00eetres-Pipiers tels que Samuel, Floge, Adler, Nolze ou Hartmann seront promus au rang de sculpteurs, attach\u00e9s \u00e0 la Cour Imp\u00e9riale d\u2019Autriche.<\/p>\n

\"Pipe<\/a>
Pipe en \u00e9cume de mer repr\u00e9sentant un zouave. Double cire.<\/strong>
(c) Galerie DELALANDE, Proantic<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Malgr\u00e9 la rivalit\u00e9 constante entre les deux villes,\u00a0Vienne devint donc, pour plusieurs d\u00e9cennies, le centre mondial de la production de pipes en \u00e9cume de mer. Les commandes afflueront de partout gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau fort bien organis\u00e9 avec des revendeurs couvrant la quasi-totalit\u00e9 du monde occidental.<\/p>\n

\"Pipe<\/a>
Pipe En \u00e9cume De Mer Repr\u00e9sentant Un Saint-Bernard\u00a0\u00bb<\/strong>
(c) Galerie DELALANDE
, Proantic<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Mais, peu \u00e0 peu certains pipiers plus malins eurent l\u2019id\u00e9e de se rapprocher g\u00e9ographiquement de la demande, des lieux de consommation \u00e0 Londres ou bien \u00e0 Paris, capitale des Arts. A l\u2019instar de tant d\u2019autres artistes \u00e9trangers, ces derniers, par contre, sublim\u00e8rent leur art et les plus \u00e9minents d\u2019entre eux vont y obtenir de magnifiques r\u00e9compenses aux Expositions Universelles: parmi eux, impossible de ne pas citer le prestigieux Jean Sommer qui collectionnera les m\u00e9dailles d\u2019or en 1878, 1889 et 1900.
\nLa communaut\u00e9 s\u2019\u00e9tant agrandie, l\u2019\u00e9cole de Paris prit peu \u00e0 peu le pas sur celle de Vienne, d\u2019autant qu\u2019elle sut mieux \u00e9voluer en fonction des tendances nouvelles de l\u2019Art Nouveau, puis de l\u2019Art d\u00e9co qui sonn\u00e8rent le glas de l\u2019\u00e9cole de Vienne.<\/p>\n

Les temps modernes s\u2019annonc\u00e8rent avec les bouleversements provoqu\u00e9s par la deuxi\u00e8me guerre mondiale.\u00a0Les gisements commen\u00e7aient, en effet, \u00e0 donner de s\u00e9rieux signes d\u2019\u00e9puisement \u00e0 tel point, que, craignant le pire, les autorit\u00e9s turques, d\u00e9sireuses de prot\u00e9ger leur artisanat local, interdiront en 1961 les exportations de toute mati\u00e8re brute, dont l\u2019\u00e9cume de mer.\u00a0Les anciens artisans ont donc disparu et de nos jours, les pipes d’\u00e9cume non turques sont souvent r\u00e9alis\u00e9es \u00e0 partir d’\u00e9cume de mer press\u00e9e, de qualit\u00e9 inf\u00e9rieure, venue d’Afrique\u00a0.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

L’\u00e9cume de mer a \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9e comme savon, comme terre savonneuse et comme mat\u00e9riau de construction. Mais son emploi principal consiste en la fabrication de pipes\u00a0\u00a0et de porte-cigares. Avant l’apparition des pipes en bruy\u00e8re (une sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise), on trouvait principalement des pipes en terre et des pipes en \u00e9cume de mer, les pipes d’\u00e9cume \u00e9tant […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":3075,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[372],"tags":[463,464],"class_list":["post-3056","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-abc-du-decor","tag-ecume-de-mer","tag-pipe"],"yoast_head":"\nL'\u00e9cume de mer Le Magazine de Proantic<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"L'\u00e9cume de mer a \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9e comme savon, comme terre savonneuse et comme mat\u00e9riau de construction. 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