{"id":10214,"date":"2019-02-22T10:14:25","date_gmt":"2019-02-22T09:14:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.proantic.com\/magazine\/?p=10214"},"modified":"2019-02-25T08:14:02","modified_gmt":"2019-02-25T07:14:02","slug":"velin-variete-superieure-de-parchemin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.proantic.com\/magazine\/velin-variete-superieure-de-parchemin\/","title":{"rendered":"Le velin: la vari\u00e9t\u00e9 sup\u00e9rieure de parchemin"},"content":{"rendered":"

Le\u00a0v\u00e9lin<\/b>\u00a0est une\u00a0peau\u00a0de v\u00e9lot (veau\u00a0mort-n\u00e9) ou de veau de lait, tr\u00e8s fine, recherch\u00e9e par les\u00a0calligraphes, les\u00a0miniaturistes\u00a0et les\u00a0relieurs\u00a0pour sa blancheur, sa douceur et sa finesse. Le v\u00e9lin est une sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9 apparue \u00e0 la fin du\u00a0Moyen \u00c2ge.<\/p>\n

Le v\u00e9lin est un parchemin utilis\u00e9 pour les livres de luxe et se distinguant par sa blancheur et son c\u00f4t\u00e9 lisse, sans asp\u00e9rit\u00e9s. Selon le Manuel Roret du relieur \u00ab\u00a0c\u2019est un parchemin ordinaire, mais de qualit\u00e9 sup\u00e9rieure, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 ratur\u00e9 des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s, amen\u00e9 partout \u00e0 une \u00e9paisseur parfaitement \u00e9gale, travaill\u00e9 avec le plus grand soin, et enfin enduit d\u2019une bouillie de blanc d\u2019argent et de colle de peau.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

La biblioth\u00e8que centrale du\u00a0Mus\u00e9um d’histoire naturelle de Paris\u00a0renferme une pr\u00e9cieuse collection de 6\u00a0998 v\u00e9lins. Tous de la m\u00eame dimension (46\u00a0\u00d7\u00a032 cm), ces v\u00e9lins sont le support d’images naturalistes d’une extr\u00eame finesse (botanique et zoologie surtout, mais aussi min\u00e9ralogie, pal\u00e9ontologie et anatomie compar\u00e9e).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Quatre Gouaches Sur Velin.
(c) Galleria dei Coronari, Proantic<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

La pr\u00e9paration du parchemin<\/strong><\/p>\n

La pr\u00e9paration du parchemin s’\u00e9chelonnait de six \u00e0 douze semaines selon les peaux trait\u00e9es (mouton, ch\u00e8vre, veau, agneau) et le r\u00e9sultat souhait\u00e9. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape ou\u00a0\u00e9bourrage<\/i>\u00a0consistait \u00e0 r\u00e9duire la peau au derme en \u00f4tant les poils et les lambeaux de chair qui n’avaient pas \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9limin\u00e9s lors du d\u00e9pe\u00e7age de l’animal.<\/p>\n

Venait ensuite le\u00a0travail de rivi\u00e8re<\/i>\u00a0au cours duquel la peau \u00e9tait d\u00e9barrass\u00e9e de ses impuret\u00e9s dans l’eau. Elle \u00e9tait ensuite plong\u00e9e dans un bain d’eau et de chaux vive qui pouvait durer une semaine et \u00e0 la suite duquel on extirpait les poils et la laine. Cette op\u00e9ration appel\u00e9e\u00a0pelannage<\/i>\u00a0diff\u00e9rait selon les r\u00e9gions. Au Proche-Orient, la peau \u00e9tait mise \u00e0 mac\u00e9rer dans une infusion de substances v\u00e9g\u00e9tales, parfois m\u00e9lang\u00e9es d’urine et d’excr\u00e9ments animaux.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Bouquet De Fleurs Et Papillons \u00a0\u00bb Gouache Sur Velin Sign\u00e9 P.r. Louise De Roujoux.
(c) Levasseur Antiquit\u00e9s, Proantic<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Apr\u00e8s le pelannage, les peaux retrouvaient un nouveau bain d’eau et de chaux vive d’environ deux semaines. Au cours de celui-ci, la chaux attaquait leurs prot\u00e9ines et leurs lipides, seul le collag\u00e8ne \u00e9tait gard\u00e9. Venaient ensuite l’\u00e9bourrage et\u00a0<\/i>l’effleurage<\/i>\u00a0c’est-\u00e0-dire le raclage des poils (la bourre) suivi de l’\u00e9limination des r\u00e9sidus de chair.<\/p>\n

Chaque peau \u00e9tait ensuite tendue sur un cadre vertical ou herse, avec des barrettes qui per\u00e7aient le bord de la peau et \u00e9taient r\u00e9unies par des cordes \u00e0 des chevilles plant\u00e9es sur les bords de la herse. Avant que la peau ne s\u00e8che, on la saupoudrait avec de la poudre de craie afin d’absorber la graisse en exc\u00e8s et d’en faciliter le pon\u00e7age avec une hachette\u00a0d’\u00e9dossage.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Eventail XIXe, Peint Sur Velin.
(c) A Five Claws Dragon, Proantic<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ce raclement produisait un blanchiment et une opacification du parchemin. Lors du s\u00e9chage sous tension, les fibres se disposaient en couches lamellaires parall\u00e8les \u00e0 la surface de la peau et s’orientaient dans le sens des tractions exerc\u00e9es. C’est \u00e0 cette structure que le parchemin doit la finesse et la souplesse qui le distingue des cuirs tann\u00e9s et des peaux m\u00e9giss\u00e9es. Parfaitement s\u00e8che, la peau \u00e9tait ponc\u00e9e sur le\u00a0c\u00f4t\u00e9 fleur\u00a0et le\u00a0c\u00f4t\u00e9 chair\u00a0avec une pierre ponce puis elle \u00e9tait frott\u00e9e avec une laineuse peau d’agneau.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Miniature sur v\u00e9lin
(c) LA MANDRAGORE, Proantic<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

La couleur qui peut diff\u00e9rer des parchemins d\u00e9pend de l\u2019animal dont provient la peau : aspect gris de pr\u00e8s avec une ch\u00e8vre, \u00ab\u00a0blanc-beurre\u00a0\u00bb avec le mouton. G\u00e9n\u00e9ralement on distingue selon la teinte naturelle de la peau un parchemin blanc, ivoire ou jaune. Sur les parchemins peu appr\u00eat\u00e9s, on peut distinguer les marques d\u2019implantation des poils.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Nature morte aux fleurs.
Gouache sur v\u00e9lin.
(c) Galerie Jadis & Nagu\u00e8re, Proantic<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Comme on le voit, le travail de pr\u00e9paration a une incidence sur le produit fini, mais la qualit\u00e9 de celui-ci est \u00e9galement conditionn\u00e9e par la mati\u00e8re premi\u00e8re, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire la peau, dont la qualit\u00e9 varie suivant les esp\u00e8ces. Celle de tr\u00e8s jeunes veaux permet d\u2019obtenir du \u00a0\u00bb v\u00e9lin \u00ab\u00a0, la vari\u00e9t\u00e9 sup\u00e9rieure de parchemin ; plus souvent cependant, les artisans travaillaient des peaux de mouton. L\u2019\u00e2ge et la sant\u00e9 de la b\u00eate, ou encore les blessures qu\u2019elle avait re\u00e7ues, jouaient leur r\u00f4le dans le r\u00e9sultat final.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le\u00a0v\u00e9lin\u00a0est une\u00a0peau\u00a0de v\u00e9lot (veau\u00a0mort-n\u00e9) ou de veau de lait, tr\u00e8s fine, recherch\u00e9e par les\u00a0calligraphes, les\u00a0miniaturistes\u00a0et les\u00a0relieurs\u00a0pour sa blancheur, sa douceur et sa finesse. Le v\u00e9lin est une sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9 apparue \u00e0 la fin du\u00a0Moyen \u00c2ge. Le v\u00e9lin est un parchemin utilis\u00e9 pour les livres de luxe et se distinguant par sa blancheur et son c\u00f4t\u00e9 lisse, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":10239,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[372],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10214","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-abc-du-decor"],"yoast_head":"\nLe velin: la vari\u00e9t\u00e9 sup\u00e9rieure de parchemin Le Magazine de Proantic<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" 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